{"id":282,"date":"2010-07-15T21:41:17","date_gmt":"2010-07-16T02:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/?page_id=282"},"modified":"2010-07-15T21:41:17","modified_gmt":"2010-07-16T02:41:17","slug":"laundry-room-also-called-a-utility-room","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/?page_id=282","title":{"rendered":"laundry room (also called a utility room)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>laundry room<\/strong> (also called a <a title=\"Utility room\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Utility_room\">utility room<\/a>) is a <a title=\"Room (architecture)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Room_%28architecture%29\">room<\/a> where <a title=\"Clothes\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clothes\">clothes<\/a> are washed. In a modern <a title=\"Home\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home\">home<\/a>, a laundry room would be equipped with an automatic <a title=\"Washing machine\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washing_machine\">washing machine<\/a> and <a title=\"Clothes dryer\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clothes_dryer\">clothes dryer<\/a>,and often a large basin, called a laundry tub, for hand-washing delicate articles of clothing such as <a title=\"Sweater\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweater\">sweaters<\/a>, and an <a title=\"Ironing board\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ironing_board\">ironing board<\/a>. A typical laundry room is located in the <a title=\"Basement\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basement\">basement<\/a> of older homes, but in many modern homes, the laundry room might be found on the main floor near the <a title=\"Kitchen\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitchen\">kitchen<\/a> or upstairs near the <a title=\"Bedroom\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bedroom\">bedrooms<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Another typical location is adjacent to the <a title=\"Garage (house)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garage_%28house%29\">garage<\/a> and the laundry room serves as a <a title=\"Mudroom\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mudroom\">mudroom<\/a> for the entrance from the garage. As the garage is often at a different elevation (or grade) than the rest of the house, the laundry room that serves as an entrance from the garage that may be sunken from the rest of the house. This avoids or minimizes the need for stairs between the garage and the house.<\/p>\n<p>Laundry rooms may also include storage cabinets, countertops for folding clothes, and, space permitting, a small sewing machine<\/p>\n<p>FREE ESTIMATES<\/p>\n<p>Jacksonville\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Duval County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 904-346-1266<br \/>\nSt Augustine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 St Johns County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 904-824-7144<br \/>\nOrange Park\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clay County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 904-264-6444<br \/>\nJacksonville Beaches\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Duval County\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0904-246-3969<br \/>\nFernandina\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nassau County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 904-277-3040<br \/>\nMacclenny\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Baker County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 904-259-5091<br \/>\nPalm Coast\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Flagler County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 386-439-5290<br \/>\nDaytona\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volusia County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 386-253-4911<\/p>\n<p>GAINESVILLE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ALACHUA COUNTY\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 352-335-8555<br \/>\nServing all of Florida \u00a0and Georgia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 at \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0904-346-1266<\/p>\n<p><strong>EMAIL <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:LARRY@1STPROP.COM\">LARRY@1STPROP.COM<\/a> (feel free to email your bidding packages here)<\/p>\n<p>New construction, alterations, repairs, commercial, industrial, residential, medical, and hospitals\u2026..all work is very welcome and appreciated.<\/p>\n<p>We accept all major credit cards.\u00a0 Visa, Mastercard, Discover and American Express.<\/p>\n<p>FOR MORTGAGE COMPANIES WE CAN INSPECT ALL PHASES OF WORKMANSHIP AND QUALITY CONTROL, FREE ESTIMATES, LICENSED AND INSURED.<\/p>\n<p><strong>We service the following areas of northeast Florida:<\/strong>Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, Ponte Vedra Beach, Fernandina, Amelia Island, Callahan, Yulee, Hillard, Macclenny, St George, St Marys, Kingsland, Orange Park, Middleburg, Green Cove Springs, Penny Farms, St Augustine, Hastings, Palatka, Keystone Heights, Starke, Lake City, Waldo, Baldwin, St Augustine Beach, Crescent Beach, \u00a0Palm Coast, Daytona, Holly Hill, Titusville, Daytona Shores, Ormond Beach, Bunnell, Deland, Orange City, Port Orange, Orlando, New Smyrna Beach, Sanford, Palm Valley, Fruitcove, Mandarin, Lawtey, St. Augustine Beach, Switzerland, Vilano Beach, \u00a0Marineland, Flagler Beach, Beverly Beach, Sanderson, and Glen St. Mary.<\/p>\n<p>STATE CERTIFIED CONTRACTOR LICENSE NUMBER\u00a0 <strong>CFCO56659<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>STATE CERTIFIED GENERAL CONTRACTOR\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>CGC1504600<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NOW HIRING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>apply for a job online at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.asapapply.com\/\">www.asapapply.com<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>CLICK BELOW AND PLACE A WORK ORDER<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,Serif;\">IN OUR AUTOMATED WORK ORDER SYSTEM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,Serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asap-plumbing.com\/Submit_a_New_Work_Order\/submit_a_new_work_order.php\">http:\/\/www.asap-plumbing.com\/Submit_a_New_Work_Order\/submit_a_new_work_order.php<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,Serif;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Drywall<\/strong> is the term used for a common method of constructing interior walls and ceilings using panels made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper, then <a title=\"Kiln\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Kiln\">kiln<\/a> dried. Drywall construction is used globally for the finish construction of interior walls and ceilings. Drywall construction became prevalent as a speedier alternative to traditional <a title=\"Plaster\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Plaster\">plaster<\/a> interior finish techniques, which involved hand-placing base, scratch and finish coats in successive layers by hand. (See also, the history of <strong><a title=\"Homasote\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Homasote\">Homasote<\/a><\/strong>, a dry applied wall or ceiling board finish system.) Drywall, by contrast, required hand finishing only at the fasteners and joints. The new process required less labor and drying time, lending its name to the panels used in the assembly<\/p>\n<p>Panels installed may be known as <strong>gypsum board<\/strong>, <strong>wallboard<\/strong>, <strong>plasterboard<\/strong> (USA, UK, Ireland, Spain, Australia), <strong>Gibraltar board<\/strong> or <strong>GIB<\/strong> <strong>wall and ceiling linings<\/strong> <strong>rock lath<\/strong><sup id=\"cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_0-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-0\"><span>[<\/span>1<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>, <strong>Sheetrock <\/strong><strong>rigips<\/strong> (Germany and Central Europe, after the Rigips brand), <strong>al\u00e7\u0131pan<\/strong> in Turkey, and <strong>placoplatre<\/strong> (France).<\/p>\n<table id=\"toc\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div id=\"toctitle\">\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\n<p><span>[<a id=\"togglelink\" href=\"javascript:toggleToc()\">hide<\/a>]<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#History\"><span>1<\/span> <span>History<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Manufacture\"><span>2<\/span> <span>Manufacture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Specifications\"><span>3<\/span> <span>Specifications<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#USA_and_Canada\"><span>3.1<\/span> <span>USA and Canada<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Europe\"><span>3.2<\/span> <span>Europe<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Construction_techniques\"><span>4<\/span> <span>Construction techniques<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Fire_resistance\"><span>5<\/span> <span>Fire resistance<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#North_American_market\"><span>6<\/span> <span>North American market<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Waste\"><span>6.1<\/span> <span>Waste<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Types_available_in_the_USA_and_Canada\"><span>7<\/span> <span>Types available in the USA and Canada<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Common_drywall_tools\"><span>8<\/span> <span>Common drywall tools<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Levels_of_finish\"><span>9<\/span> <span>Levels of finish<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_0\"><span>9.1<\/span> <span>Level 0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_1\"><span>9.2<\/span> <span>Level 1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_2\"><span>9.3<\/span> <span>Level 2<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_3\"><span>9.4<\/span> <span>Level 3<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_4\"><span>9.5<\/span> <span>Level 4<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Level_5\"><span>9.6<\/span> <span>Level 5<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Defective_Chinese_imports\"><span>10<\/span> <span>Defective Chinese imports<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#See_also\"><span>11<\/span> <span>See also<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#References\"><span>12<\/span> <span>References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#External_links\"><span>13<\/span> <span>External links<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2>History<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c<strong>Sackett Board<\/strong>\u201d was invented in 1894 by Augustine Sackett. It was made by layering plaster within four plies of wool felt paper. Sheets were 36\u2033 x 36\u2033 x 1\/4\u2033 thick with open (untaped) edges.\u201d<sup id=\"cite_ref-gypsum.org_1-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gypsum.org-1\"><span>[<\/span>2<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u201c<strong>Gypsum Board<\/strong>\u201d evolved between 1910 and 1930 beginning with wrapped board edges, and elimination of the two inner layers of felt paper in favor of paper-based facings. Later \u201cair-entrainment technology\u201d made boards lighter and less brittle, then joint treatment materials and systems also evolved. \u201c<sup id=\"cite_ref-gypsum.org_1-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gypsum.org-1\"><span>[<\/span>2<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u201c<strong>Rock Lath<\/strong>\u201d was an early substrate for plaster. An alternative to traditional wood or metal lath, it was a panel made up of compressed gypsum plaster board that was sometimes grooved or punched with holes to allow wet plaster to key into its surface. As it evolved, it was faced with paper impregnated with gypsum crystals that bonded with the applied facing layer of plaster.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_0-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-0\"><span>[<\/span>1<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Manufacture<\/h2>\n<p>A wallboard panel is made of a <a title=\"Paper\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Paper\">paper<\/a> liner wrapped around an inner core made primarily from <a title=\"Gypsum\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Gypsum\">gypsum<\/a> <a title=\"Plaster\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Plaster\">plaster<\/a>, the semi-hydrous form of <a title=\"Calcium sulfate\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Calcium_sulfate\">calcium sulfate<\/a> (CaSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00b7\u00bd H<sub>2<\/sub>O). The raw gypsum, CaSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00b72 H<sub>2<\/sub>O, (mined or obtained from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)) must be <a title=\"Calcination\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Calcination\">calcined<\/a> before use. Kettle or Flash calciners typically use natural gas today. The plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and\/or <a title=\"Fiberglass\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fiberglass\">fiberglass<\/a>), <a title=\"Plasticizer\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Plasticizer\">plasticizer<\/a>, <a title=\"Foaming agent\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Foaming_agent\">foaming agent<\/a>, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator, <a title=\"EDTA\" href=\"..\/wiki\/EDTA\">EDTA<\/a>, <a title=\"Starch\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Starch\">starch<\/a> or other chelate as a retarder, various additives that increase <a title=\"Mildew\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Mildew\">mildew<\/a> and fire resistance (<a title=\"Fiberglass\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fiberglass\">fiberglass<\/a> or <a title=\"Vermiculite\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Vermiculite\">vermiculite<\/a>), <a title=\"Wax\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Wax\">wax<\/a> emulsion for lower water absorption and water. This is then formed by sandwiching a core of wet gypsum between two sheets of heavy paper or fiberglass mats. When the core sets and is dried in a large drying chamber, the sandwich becomes rigid and strong enough for use as a building material. <sup id=\"cite_ref-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\"><span>[<\/span>3<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Drying chambers typically use natural gas today. To dry 1 MSF (1,000 square feet) of wallboard, between 1.75-2.49 million BTU is required. This is the main reason why organic dispersants\/plasticisers are used i.e. to reduce the amount of water to produce gypsum slurry flow during wallboard manufacture<\/p>\n<h2>Specifications<\/h2>\n<h3>USA and Canada<\/h3>\n<p>Drywall panels are manufactured in 48\u00a0inches (120\u00a0cm) wide panels in varying lengths to suit the application. Common panel thicknesses are 1\/2\u2033 and 5\/8\u2033, with panels also available in 1\/4\u2033 and 3\/8\u2033. 5\/8\u2033 panels are used where a fire-resistance rating is desired or where additional mass is needed for the reduction of sound transmission<\/p>\n<p>Drywall provides a thermal resistance <a title=\"R-value (insulation)\" href=\"..\/wiki\/R-value_%28insulation%29\">R-value<\/a> of 0.32 for 3\/8\u2033 board, 0.45 for 1\/2\u2033, 0.56 for 5\/8\u2033, and 0.83 for 1\u2033 board. In addition to increased R-value, thicker drywall has a higher <a title=\"Sound transmission class\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Sound_transmission_class\">sound transmission class<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Europe<\/h3>\n<p>In the UK and Europe, plasterboard is manufactured in metric sizes, with the common sizes being corollaries of old imperial sizes.<\/p>\n<p>Most plasterboard is made in 1200\u00a0mm wide sheets, though 900\u00a0mm wide sheets are also made. 1200\u00a0mm wide plasterboard is most commonly made in 2400\u00a0mm lengths, though 2700\u00a0mm and 3000\u00a0mm length sheets are also commonly available.<\/p>\n<p>Commonly used thicknesses of plasterboard available are 12.5\u00a0mm (modern equivalent of half an inch), typically used for walls, and 9.5\u00a0mm (modern equivalent of three-eights of an inch), typically used for ceilings. 15\u00a0mm thick board is commonly available, and other thicknesses are also produced.<\/p>\n<p>Plasterboard is commonly made with one of two different edge treatments\u00a0\u2014 tapered edge, where the long edges of the board are tapered with a wide bevel at the front to allow for jointing materials to be finished flush with the main board face, and plain edge, used where the whole surface will receive a thin coating (skim coat) of finishing plaster.<\/p>\n<p>Construction techniques<\/p>\n<p>As opposed to a week-long <a title=\"Plaster\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Plaster\">plaster<\/a> application, an entire house can be drywalled in one or two days by two experienced <a title=\"Drywall mechanic\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Drywall_mechanic\">drywallers<\/a>, and drywall is easy enough to use that it can be installed by many amateur home carpenters. In large-scale commercial construction, the work of installing and finishing drywall is often split between the <a title=\"Drywall mechanic\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Drywall_mechanic\">drywall mechanics<\/a>, or <em>hangers<\/em>, who install the wallboard, and the <em>tapers<\/em> and <em>mudmen<\/em>, or <em>float crew<\/em>, who finish the joints and cover the nailheads with drywall compound<\/p>\n<p>Drywall is cut to size, using a large <a title=\"T-square\" href=\"..\/wiki\/T-square\">T-square<\/a>, by scoring the paper on the front side (usually white) with a <a title=\"Utility knife\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Utility_knife\">utility knife<\/a>, breaking the sheet along the cut, scoring the paper backing, and finally breaking the sheet in the opposite direction. Small features such as holes for outlets and light switches are usually cut using a <a title=\"Keyhole saw\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Keyhole_saw\">keyhole saw<\/a> or a small high-speed bit in a rotary tool. Drywall is then fixed to the <a title=\"Wall\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Wall\">wall<\/a> structure with nails, glue, or more commonly in recent years, the now-ubiquitous <em>drywall <a title=\"Screw\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Screw\">screws<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Drywall fasteners<\/em>, also referred to as <em>drywall clips<\/em> or <em>stops<\/em>, are gaining popularity in both residential and commercial construction. Drywall fasteners are used for supporting interior drywall corners and replacing the non-structural wood or metal <a title=\"Blocking\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Blocking\">blocking<\/a> that traditionally was used to install drywall. Their function serves to save on material and labour expenses; to minimise call backs due to <a title=\"Truss uplift (page does not exist)\" href=\"..\/w\/index.php?title=Truss_uplift&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">truss uplift<\/a>; to increase energy efficiency; and to make plumbing and electrical installation simpler.<\/p>\n<p>Drywall screws heads have a curved taper allowing them to self-pilot and install rapidly without punching through the paper cover. These screws are set slightly into the drywall. When drywall is hung on wood framing, screws having an acute point and widely spaced threads are used. When drywall is hung on <a title=\"Light-gauge (page does not exist)\" href=\"..\/w\/index.php?title=Light-gauge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">light-gauge<\/a> <a title=\"Steel framing (page does not exist)\" href=\"..\/w\/index.php?title=Steel_framing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">steel framing<\/a>, screws having an acute point and finely spaced threads are used. If the steel framing is heavier than 20-<a title=\"Gauge\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Gauge\">gauge<\/a>, self-tapping screws with finely spaced threads must be used. In some applications, the drywall may be attached to the wall with <a title=\"Adhesive\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Adhesive\">adhesives<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>After the sheets are secured to the wall studs or ceiling <a title=\"Joist\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Joist\">joists<\/a>, the seams between drywall sheets are concealed using <em>joint tape<\/em> and several layers of <em><a title=\"Joint compound\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Joint_compound\">joint compound<\/a><\/em> (sometimes called <em>mud<\/em>). This compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects. The compound is allowed to air dry then typically sanded smooth before painting. Alternatively, for a better finish, the entire wall may be given a <em>skim coat<\/em>, a thin layer (about 1\u00a0mm or 1\/16\u00a0inch) of finishing compound, to minimise the visual differences between the paper and mudded areas after painting.<\/p>\n<p>Another similar skim coating is always done in a process called veneer plastering, although it is done slightly thicker (about 2\u00a0mm or 1\/8\u00a0inch). Veneering uses a slightly different specialised setting compound (\u201dfinish plaster\u201d) that contains <a title=\"Gypsum\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Gypsum\">gypsum<\/a> and lime <a title=\"Putty\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Putty\">putty<\/a>. For this application blueboard is used which has special treated paper to accelerate the setting of the gypsum plaster component. This setting has far less shrinkage than the air-dry compounds normally used in drywall, so it only requires one coat. Blueboard also has square edges rather than the tapered-edge drywall boards. The tapered drywall boards are used to countersink the tape in taped jointing whereas the tape in veneer plastering is buried beneath a level surface. One coat veneer plaster over dry board is an intermediate style step between full multi-coat \u201cwet\u201d plaster and the limited joint-treatment-only given \u201cdry\u201d wall.<\/p>\n<h2>Fire resistance<\/h2>\n<p>When used as a component in fire barriers, drywall is a <a title=\"Passive fire protection\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Passive_fire_protection\">passive fire protection<\/a> item. In its natural state, gypsum contains the <a title=\"Water of crystallization\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Water_of_crystallization\">water of crystallization<\/a> bound in the form of <a title=\"Hydrate\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Hydrate\">hydrates<\/a>. When exposed to <a title=\"Heat\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Heat\">heat<\/a> or <a title=\"Fire\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fire\">fire<\/a>, this water is vapourised, retarding heat transfer. Therefore, a fire in one room that is separated from an adjacent room by a fire-resistance rated drywall assembly, will not cause this adjacent room to get any warmer than the boiling point (100\u00b0C) until the water in the gypsum is gone. This makes <strong>drywall<\/strong> an <a title=\"Ablation\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Ablation\">ablative<\/a> material because as the hydrates sublime, a crumbly dust is left behind, which, along with the paper, is sacrificial. Generally, the more layers of Type X drywall one adds, the more one increases the fire-resistance of the assembly, be it horizontal or vertical. Evidence of this can be found both in publicly available design catalogues, including, but not limited to DIN4102 Part 4 and the Canadian Building Code on the topic, as well as common certification listings, including but not limited to <a title=\"Certification listing\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Certification_listing\">certification listings<\/a> provided by <a title=\"Underwriters Laboratories\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Underwriters_Laboratories\">Underwriters Laboratories<\/a> and Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC). \u201cType X\u201d drywall is formulated by adding glass fibers to the gypsum, to increase the resistance to fires, especially once the hydrates are spent, which leaves the gypsum in powder form. Type X is typically the material chosen to construct walls and ceilings that are required to have a <a title=\"Fire-resistance rating\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fire-resistance_rating\">fire-resistance rating<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>A typical <a title=\"Passive fire protection\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Passive_fire_protection\">fire<\/a> problem\u00a0\u2014 the measures taken by the plumbers and the drywallers are at cross-purposes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Another example: this <a title=\"Steel\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Steel\">steel<\/a> <a title=\"Sleeve (construction)\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Sleeve_%28construction%29\">sleeve<\/a>, a <a title=\"Penetrant\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Penetrant\">penetrant<\/a>, causes more problems than it solves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"Penetrant\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Penetrant\">Penetrants<\/a> have been punched and burned through drywall, compromising its integrity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Mechanical shaft with compromised fire-resistance rating through pipe installation.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Finished, painted, fire-resistance rated drywall assembly. A common <a title=\"Deficiency\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Deficiency\">deficiency<\/a>: Lift ceiling tiles and find electrical and mechanical service penetrations without a firestop.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Improper drywall and absent <a title=\"Firestop\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Firestop\">firestops<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Improper <a title=\"Firestop\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Firestop\">Firestop<\/a> and <a title=\"Fireproofing\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fireproofing\">Fireproofing<\/a> interface, August 2000<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>Improper breach of fire-resistance rated drywall assembly, August 2000<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div style=\"width: 155px;\">\n<div>\n<p>The \u201cI-was-there-first\u201d scenario, resulting in improper drywall firestops with plastic <a title=\"Piping\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Piping\">piping<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Fire testing of drywall assemblies for the purpose of expanding national catalogues, such as the <a title=\"National Building Code of Canada\" href=\"..\/wiki\/National_Building_Code_of_Canada\">National Building Code of Canada<\/a>, <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Germany\">Germany<\/a>\u2019s Part 4 of DIN4102 and its British cousin BS476, are a matter of routine <a title=\"Research and development\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Research_and_development\">research and development<\/a> work in more than one nation and can be sponsored jointly by national authorities and representatives of the drywall industry. For example, the National Research Council of Canada routinely publishes such findings.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\"><span>[<\/span>5<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The results are printed as approved designs in the back of the building code. Generally, exposure of drywall on a panel furnace removes the water and calcines the exposed drywall and also heats the studs and <a title=\"Fastener\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fastener\">fasteners<\/a> holding the drywall. This typically results in <a title=\"Deflection\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Deflection\">deflection<\/a> of the assembly towards the fire, as that is the location where the <a title=\"Sublimation (chemistry)\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29\">sublimation<\/a> occurs, which weakens the assembly, due to the fire influence.<\/p>\n<p>When tests are co-sponsored, resulting in code recognised designs with assigned fire-resistance ratings, the resulting designs become part of the code and are not limited to use by any one manufacturer, provided the material used in the field configuration can be demonstrated to meet the minimum requirements of Type X drywall (such as an entry in the appropriate category of the <a title=\"Underwriters Laboratories\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Underwriters_Laboratories\">UL<\/a> Building Materials Directory) and that sufficient layers and thicknesses are used. <a title=\"Fire test\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Fire_test\">Fire test<\/a> reports for such unique third party tests are confidential.<\/p>\n<p>Deflection of drywall assemblies is important to consider to maintain the integrity of drywall assemblies in order to preserve their ratings. The deflection of drywall assemblies can vary somewhat from one test to another. Importantly, <a title=\"Penetrant\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Penetrant\">penetrants<\/a> do not follow the deflection movement of the drywall assemblies they penetrate. For example, see <a title=\"Cable tray\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Cable_tray\">cable tray<\/a> movement in a <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image:Tray_cross_barrier.jpg\">German test<\/a>. It is, therefore, important to test <a title=\"Firestop\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Firestop\">firestops<\/a> in full scale wall panel tests, so that the deflection of each applicable assembly can be taken into account. The size of the test wall assembly alone is not the only consideration for firestop tests. If the penetrants are mounted to and hung off the drywall assembly itself during the test, this does not constitute a realistic deflection exposure insofar as the firestop is concerned. In reality, on a construction site, penetrants are hung off the ceiling above. Penetrants may increase in length, push and pull as a result of operational temperature changes (<em>e.g.<\/em>, hot and cold water in a <a title=\"Water pipe\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Water_pipe\">pipe<\/a>), particularly in a fire, but it is a physical impossibility to have the penetrants follow the movement of drywall assemblies that they penetrate, since they are not mounted to the drywalls in a building. It is, therefore, counterproductive to suspend penetrants from the drywall assembly during a fire test. As downward deflection of the drywall assembly and buckling towards the fire occurs, the top of the firestop is squeezed and the bottom of the firestop is pulled, and this is motion over and above that, which is caused by the expansion of metallic penetrants, due to heat exposure in a fire. Both types of motion occur in reality, because metal first expands in a fire and then softens once the critical temperature has been reached, as is explained under <a title=\"Structural steel\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Structural_steel\">structural steel<\/a>. To simulate the drywall deflection effect, one can simply mount the penetrants to the steel frame holding the test assembly. The operational and fire induced motion of the penetrants, which is independent of the assemblies penetrated, can be separately arranged.<\/p>\n<h2>North American market<\/h2>\n<p>North America is one of the largest gypsum board users in the world with a total wallboard plant capacity of 42 billion square feet per year (world wide 85 billion square feet per year).<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\"><span> <\/span><span> <\/span><\/a><\/sup> Moreover, the home building and remodeling markets in North America have increased demand the last five years. The gypsum board market is one of the biggest beneficiaries of the housing boom as \u201can average new American home contains more than 7.31 metric tons of gypsum.\u201d<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\"><span> <\/span><span> <\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The introduction in March 2005 of the Clean Air Interstate Rule by the <a title=\"United States Environmental Protection Agency\" href=\"..\/wiki\/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency\">United States Environmental Protection Agency<\/a> requires power plants to \u201ccut sulfur dioxide emissions by 73%\u201d by 2018.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\"><span> <\/span><span> <\/span><\/a><\/sup> The Clean Air Interstate Rule also requested that the power plants install new scrubbers (industrial pollution control devices) to remove sulfur dioxide present in the output waste gas. Scrubbers use the technique of flue gas desulfurization (FGD), which produces synthetic gypsum as a usable by-product. In response to the new supply of this raw material, the gypsum board market was predicted to shift significantly. However, issues such as mercury release during calcining need to be resolved. <sup id=\"cite_ref-8\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\"><span>[<\/span>9<span>]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Waste<\/h3>\n<p>Because up to 17% of drywall is wasted during the manufacturing and installation processes and the drywall material is frequently not re-used, disposal can become a problem. Some landfill sites have banned the dumping of drywall. Some manufacturers take back waste wallboard from construction sites and recycle it into new wallboard. Recycled paper is typically used during manufacturing. More recently, recycling at the construction site itself is being investigated. There is potential for using crushed drywall to amend certain soils at building sites, such as clay and silt mixtures (<a title=\"Bay mud\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Bay_mud\">bay mud<\/a>), as well as using it in compost.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\"><span> <\/span><span> <\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Types available in the USA and Canada<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Regular white board, from 1\/4\u2033 to 3\/4\u2033 thickness<\/li>\n<li>Fire-resistant (\u201dType X\u201d), different thickness and multiple layers of wallboard provide increased fire rating based on the time a specific wall assembly can withstand a standardized fire test. Often <a title=\"Perlite\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Perlite\">perlite<\/a>, <a title=\"Vermiculite\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Vermiculite\">vermiculite<\/a> and <a title=\"Boric acid\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Boric_acid\">boric acid<\/a> are added to improve fire resistance.<\/li>\n<li>Greenboard, the drywall that contains an oil-based additive in the green colored paper covering that provides moisture resistance. It is commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevated levels of humidity<\/li>\n<li>Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a built-up plaster finish providing both water and mold resistance.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Cement board\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Cement_board\">Cement board<\/a>, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile<\/li>\n<li>Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the <a title=\"Sound transmission class\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Sound_transmission_class\">sound rating<\/a> (STC)<\/li>\n<li>Soundproof drywall is a laminated drywall made with gypsum, other materials, and damping polymers to significantly increase the STC<\/li>\n<li>Mold-resistant, paperless drywall<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Enviroboard\" href=\"..\/wiki\/Enviroboard\">Enviroboard<\/a>, a board made from recycled agricultural materials<\/li>\n<li>Lead-lined drywall, a drywall used around radiological equipment<\/li>\n<li>Foil-backed drywall to control moisture in a building or room<\/li>\n<li>Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available only in 1\/2\u2033 thickness and is significantly stiffer than regular white board<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>other websites we recommend you look at<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asap-plumbing.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">www.asap-plumbing.com<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asapgasinstallers.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #0066cc;\">www.asapgasinstallers.com<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dirtandsandforsale.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">www.dirtandsandforsale.com<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asaproofinspections.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #0066cc;\">www.asaproofinspections.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/allprogas.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">http:\/\/allprogas.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/asapbackflowtesting.com\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">http:\/\/asapbackflowtesting.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"..\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/asapirrigation.us\/\"><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\">http:\/\/asapirrigation.us\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #b85b5a;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A laundry room (also called a utility room) is a room where clothes are washed. In a modern home, a laundry room would be equipped with an automatic washing machine and clothes dryer,and often a large basin, called a laundry tub, for hand-washing delicate articles of clothing such as sweaters, and an ironing board. A [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/282"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=282"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":283,"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/282\/revisions\/283"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/allproplumbing.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}